P.15.
History of the Civilization
and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By Maximillien de
Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
THE
CILICIAN
KINGDOM
By Maximillien de Lafayette
Photos from L to R:
#1:
Crusaders’ Shoback Castle in Jordan. Its architecture was influenced by the
Cilician architecture. Its two front round shaped towers are clearly the
product and direct influence of Armenian architecture.#2. Cilician minted
coins.
The kingdom
of Cilicia is considered by eminent historians, archaeologists and
anthropologists as one of the greatest ancient empires of all times. It did
not last very long in the history of human kind but, most certainly, it made
an immense mark on the European civilization, its way of life, its trade and
commerce, its arts and laws, its architecture and above all, it left an
extra-ordinary impact on Early Christianity edifices, castles, palaces,
cathedrals and churches, as well as on the Crusaders who learned from the
Armenians how to build circular- round-shaped castles and towers. Back then,
the Crusaders in Europe knew only how to build square-shaped towers and
castles. They did not know how to build fully circular
towers
and round castles until they learned the trade from their teachers the
Armenian architects and castles and towers builders in Armenia! Europe began
to erect really fabulous castles in the 10th century, while
Armenia by the 9th century has already demonstrated to the world
its superior architecture mastery in building elegant and prestigious castles,
palaces and fortresses, long long time before Europe! One of the most
predominant effects of Cicilian art and direct impact on Europe was
obviously the Armenian architecture. More precisely, the architecture of
churches, cathedrals, religious buildings and monasteries.
The
Cilician kingdom architects invented the church pentacle domes and the
cross-shape lay-out of early European churches and cathedrals including those
of Venice, Florence, Rome, Constantinople, Moscow, Leningrad, Nantes, Reims,
Orleans, Paris, Maronite Lebanon, Coptic Egypt, Syriac-Aramaic Syria, Assyrian
(Ashourian) Iraq, Orthodox Greece and Cyprus, Nestorian, Gnostic, Agnostic,
Reformed, Orthodox and Medieval Christian Turkiye, the Near East, the Middle
East and wherever there is a Christian church or an iron bell on the face of
the earth. Among the greatest architects of ancient and medieval centuries,
the world witnessed and recognized the Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites,
Egyptians, Ionians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and Armenians.
Photos from L to R: #1. One
of the gates of Soback castle built in 1115 by the Crusaders in Jordan. The
wide door with its curved architectural lines is typical of the early-Cilician-Crusaders
architectural design. #2. Drawing
rawing/illustration
of an early Armenian church with its noticeable altar dome. Armenian altars
and domes style later were frequently copied, used and shaped after in
European architecture for and in churches, cathedrals, royal palaces,
universities, immense libraries and governmental edifices.
Cilician Armenia gained knowledge and experience in many human
endeavors throughout many centuries beginning with the majestic reigns,
epochs and times of the Armenian kingdoms of Mitanni and Ararat (2nd
millennium B.C.), when Armenian architecture has already reached a level of
almost perfection and was in those days considered as the most advanced
architecture in the known world. The early Armenians of Ararat were already
master-builders and accomplished architects. They were among the first
architects of the nations of the ancient world to design and build multi-story
edifices and buildings, including domestic houses, residences and centers of
learning. Some of the Cilician palaces, temples, theistic and pre-theistic
foundations were recently found in excavations and were acknowledged to be as
the world’s first multi-story architecturally designed edifices.
The gigantic palaces and castles of enormous proportions of
Ararat were the source of inspiration, data, collection of know-how and
information for the forthcoming castles and buildings of Bagratouni (Bagratid),
Arshakouni (Arsacid) Yervandouni, Artashesian (Artaxiad) and the Roubinian,
Hetoumian and Lusignan periods. The Cilician architects and master-builders
taught architects, fortresses and castles builders of ancient and medieval
countries, the art, the science and the strategic lay-out, design and sites
selection of castles , towers and fortresses. Many of the remaining ramparts,
walls, towers, arcades and ruins of the Crusade castles in Syria, Palestine
and Lebanon are living examples and witnesses of the Armenian ancient and
medieval architectural genius and original creativity that shaped and
influenced the architecture of the Crusaders, ancient and medieval Europe and
the Middle East, including the Ottoman (Turkish) Sarails (Sarayat) , castles,
sultanic palaces and cities fortresses.
P.16.
History of the Civilization
and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By Maximillien de
Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
Photo:
Map of Cilicia.
Long
before its established boundaries and kingdom perimeter as the Greater
Armenia, Cicilian terrain in the region of Lake Van and Mount Ararat was the
center of culture, art, science for the ancient Near East, Middle East,
Indo-European countries, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Iraq and other regions,
countries and inhabitants of Asia who interacted with the people of the
kingdom of Urartu (Ararat or Armenia today) and the kingdom of Cilicia. The
Cilicians were very hospitable, peace loving, and extremely friendly with
their neighbors and the tribes that lived in their surrounding regions.
Around the end of the 7th century B.C., the kingdom
of Urartu (Ararat) went into a deep sleep giving birth to a new nation
called Armenia. It would take this new country several centuries before it
would claim its independence from the Hellenics. Armenia became a free
country, free from the Greek Seleucids and the influence of other foreign
powers and cultures in the 2nd century B.C. At that time, Armenia
became very influential and its trade and commerce rapidly flourished thanks
to its northern trade passage to Asia Minor, the Near and the Middle Eastern
countries.
Photo:
Map of Greater Armenia.
Unfortunately,
Armenian could not protect their territories and preserve their independence.
In the 11th century, the Turkish Seljuk dominated Asia Minor including all
the surrounding countries and neighboring nations. This lead to the absorbance
of Urartu and the Armenian population into the mighty Ottoman empire. The
Byzantines relocated the Armenians in Cilicia. Thus, the Armenians began to
regroup and re-form a new national identity. They
regrouped and settled
in the mountainous areas, prairies, hills and valleys of Cilicia where they
established the last known autonomous Armenian state (Kingdom). The very
first thing they did, was to build ramparts, high walls, fortresses and
habitats for their families and volunteered soldiers. They succeeded in
protecting their kingdom, possessions, castles, arts, heritage and way of
life for almost three hundred years. Cilicia was the region of the lesser
Armenia. Cilicia became a prosperous carrefour for trade and commerce and
cultural exchange. Neighboring inhabitants and people from far lands including
Europe had to pass through the land of Cilicia en route to Palestine and the
regions of the Middle and Near East.
Photo:
Map of Armenia, today.
This
included, Asians, Europeans, Crusaders, Greeks, Muslims, and other ethnic
nationals. Unfortunately, everything in life must come to an end and so did
Cilicia in 1375 when it rendered its independence to the Mamelukes. From the
beginning of time, the Turks (Turkish, Ottoman, Seljuks, Mamelukes, etc.) had
their eyes open on Armenia. Threatened by domestic political differences,
weakened by wars and struggles with greedy neighbors, decimated by foreign
invasions, humiliated and dominated by unmerciful conquerors, the great
kingdom of Cilicia rendered its last breath and vanished from history in 1375,
never again to rise up and equal the majesty and glory of its legendary
Armenian kingdom (s). Thus, the Cilician identity was erased from history but
not from the memory of its people and nations which witnessed its glorious
past. Nevertheless, Cilicia ceased to exist and became a part of the Ottoman
empire for centuries! Cilicia
became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century. It was
completely absorbed and dissolved in the immensity of the Ottoman empire which
ruled over all the Middle East, the Near East, Asia Minor, and almost one
quarter of Europe! Nobody, no nation, none of the mighty European powers could
or would help the Cilician Armenians. The Ottoman empire seemed too powerful
and invincible. European countries such as Spain, France, Italy and England
would not interfere. The Outhmany (Ottoman) empire was a formidable power, at
least on the surface. No wise man could tell or imagine that the Turkish
empire would easily collapse during the first world war. It did! The Ottoman
empire collapsed but it took with it the lives of millions of Armenians.
Around 1920-1922, the French and the British tried to help the Armenians. But
unfortunately, all their plans and wishful friendly assistance came to a halt.
Once again, the Armenian people had to suffer the consequences. Armenians,
young and old, families and communities were driven to other countries. Many
of them relocated in Syrian cities like Aleppo, Kamishly, Antioch and a
greater number of Armenians settled in Lebanese cities and towns like Anjar,
Al Naher (a suburb of Beyrouth), Kaslik, Antileas and other areas. Armenians
who live today in Syria and Lebanon and a few of them in Cyprus are the direct
descendants of Cilician Armenia. Lord! What a great and an honorable lineage!
P.17. History of the
Civilization and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By
Maximillien de Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
THE GREAT ART OF THE
KINGDOM OF
URARTU:
A FORMIDABLE ANCIENT EMPIRE AND A
CIVILIZATION CRADLE
By Maximillien de Lafayette
Photo: Map of the
world showing Cilicia-Urartu, circa 1,500 B.C.
In the early twentieth
century, a long forgotten magnificent kingdom and a cradle of civilization
was rediscovered in the Anatolian highlands of Asia Minor. Not until 1936
was the first systematic and scientific excavation of an edifice or a
fortress of that lost civilization begun. And that was, the ancient Kingdom
of Urartu (a name created by the Assyrians) which was centered around Lake
Van. Sometimes, historians refer to Urartu as the kingdom of Van. The first
Uraturians were called Nairi by the Assyrians and inhabitants of Asia Minor
and their homeland was frequently called Urartu, while the Uraturians
referred to their nation as the Land of Biani. The ancient Phoenicians in
Tyr (Today, city of Sour in modern Lebanon) and Sidon (Today, city of Saida
in modern Lebanon) and the Hebrews knew the Uraturians and had exchanged
trade and commerce with them. The Hebrews gave the Uraturians the name of
Ararat as it was mentioned in the bible. And Ararat became Armenia in Greek,
Coptic, Latin and Arabic. A short segment in the Book of Jeremia , in the
fourth reign year King Zedekiah, circa 594 B.C., the Urarturians were
referred to as Ararat.
Another passage in the Bible
told the story of the sons of Senharib (Sennocherib) who have killed their
father and took refuge in the land of Ararat “Urartu”. Coming on the wave of
the Indo-European migrations into Asia and the Mediterranean, the cultures
were in close contact with those that developed in Mesopotamia, sharing
ethnic and cultural totems among them. Federations formed and reformed
between the "tribes" in the region during most of the Bronze Age.
Photo:
Vase representing the seven recorded
planets, circa mid-bronze age
The territory was described
as a rich land between the rivers, with their head at the "mountains of the
gods" (described as "Arartu" in "Gilgamesh") a ca. 4000 BC Sumerian story,
considered the first epoch. In the same epoch the land of Arartu was
called the birthplace of humankind, the font of civilization, and to travel
there and back, a person had to "go by land, return by water", which
perfectly describes the mountainous and river terrain in Armenia). When
the Massoretic scholars were in their first process of vocalizing the text
of the Old Testament, they inserted the vowel “a” into their own
language’s words, thus 'Urartu' mistakenly became 'Ararat'. The Assyrian
kings Salmanazar the first, Tukulti-Ninurta the first, Teglath-Phalazar the
first and Salamanazar the third campaigns against Urartu were vividly
recorded and described how advanced the Urarturians were in metallurgy, art,
architecture, sculpture gold and silver artwork, military crafts
and, particularly, how formidable the Urarturians were in their resistance
and military tactics. The Assyrians records included lengthy descriptions of
the magnificent Uraturian fortresses, the Urarturian bronze and iron swords
and shields, their cities, fortifications and ramparts. Assyrians and
Hittites feared only one enemy: The People of The North. They meant by that:
The Urarturians! In time of war, the ancient Urarturians-Armenians were an
incredible war machine. In time of peace, they were remarkable artists,
sculptors, engineers, architects, designers, irrigation geniuses, temples
and cities builders, in short, they were the most advanced artists of
their time. Urartians arose from the Hurrians and used a language
identical to Hurrian. These strong and tenacious inhabitants of mountains
and high hills erected gigantic and great fortresses throughout their
highlands. Palace, castles, ramparts, fortresses, cities fortifications
ruins and sites remains reveal a majestic past and a glorious and economic
might. Urarturians were remarkable artists especially in sculpture,
architecture, palaces and houses exterior and interior design embellished
with unusual and innovative balconies, verandas, windows, towers, entrances
and gates made from carved stones and ornamented iron. The interiors of
their houses were decorated with exquisite bas-reliefs, motives, circular
and rectangular patterns and compositions embossed with an astonishing
variety of colors and shades. Many houses, regardless of the social,
political and economical status of their inhabitants, had an integral water
supply and practical drainage system. Their gold and silver artwork,
figurines and statues enriched with mythological patterns, symbols and
designs ranging from images of sacred trees protected by angels, magi, genii
to monarchs, kings, priests, gods and goddesses. Urarturian architecture was
predominant and influential in the Middle East, Near East and Asia Minor.
One of its most characteristic features was the blind arch which later on in
will be copied and adapted by Persians, Greeks, Italians, Phoenicians,
Hittites, Assyrians and the majority of the inhabitants of Asia Minor.
Similar thing will happen again in the years and centuries to come, when the
Cilician architecture began to influence and shape up the architecture of
the fortresses and castles of the Crusaders in Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine,
Cyprus, Malta and Syria and the European majestic cathedrals and churches.
P.18. History of the
Civilization and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By Maximillien
de Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
Photo:
Erebuni, Uraturian God .
Right
after the fall of the mighty empire of the Hittites, and at the dawn of the
first millennium B.C., a new kingdom was created in the eastern part of
Anatolia in Asia Minor. This remarkable kingdom was Urartu which flourished
from the 9th century to the 6th century B.C. and
enjoyed a formidable military and economical powers. The Urarturians were
related to the Hurrians
and to the Hittites from whom originally
they adopted many of their
traditions and customs and particularly the shape and form of monarch
faces, beard style, hairdo and attire they depicted later on in their
artifacts, tablets and inscriptions in the first millennium, but, later to
create their own style and way of
life including particular characteristics in art, architecture, fashion and
metal work art.
Urartu’s
remarkable status, power and prosperity in the ancient world were recorded
in 13th century B.C. At the beginning, during the very early days
of Urartu, Urarturians were grouped into a series of counties called Nairi
by the Assyrians and neighboring tribes before it became a mighty kingdom in
860 B.C. under Aramu, its first king (860-840 B.C.) and followed by Sardur
the first (840-830 B.C.) its second powerful king. Historically, Armenia as
a nation was first settled in 6,000 B.C. by the Thracian-Phrygian tribes
that crossed in Anatolia from the Balkans. The early Armenians established
themselves as a new ruling and imposing aristocracy imposing their
Indo-European language on their neighbors, surrounding nations and almost
half of Asia Minor. In 590 B.C.
ORIGIN OF THE ANCIENT URARTURIAN:
Where did the
Urarturians come from? Who are the Urarturians?
Photos
from L to R: #1. Armenia’s bronze age figurines. #2. Ancient Nairi
bronze figurine, early iron-age.
Often
called the first kingdom or empire in Armenia's history, the Urartians are
actually one of a long line of powerful entities that cultivated the
Armenian Plateau and created the borders called "Greater" or "Historic"
Armenia. They were a powerful tribe which belonged to a federation led by
the Nairi. Before Urartu were the Nairi, before the Nairi the Metsamor
Kingdom, and before that untold numbers of now anonymous kingdoms and states
that sprung from the Indo-European race born on the Armenian Plateau,
spreading their language, ethnic identity and the secrets of bronze, iron
and astronomy to both Asia and Europe.
As
a part of the land and people interchangeably called "The Nairi", Urartians
were recognized as early as 2000 BC on Assyrian cuneiform as coming from the
"land between the rivers", a land known to hold about 60 tribes and 100
cities. Until their rise, Urarturians were subservient to a tribe also
called the Nairi, which were in turn one tribe among many, but they held a
predominant position during the 2nd millennium BC, and became the namesake
for the entire region. Beginning about 2000 BC, the Assyrians used the
term "People of the Nairi" to describe the peoples on the Armenian Plateau.
The territory and people both were called Nairi, but the word meant "country
or land of rivers", and contemporary Assyrian accounts describe about 60
different tribes and small kingdoms and about 100 cities included in this
land. From what we know of the tribes in Nairi , indigenous customs and
traditions were similar to those found in Mesopotamia, and some were of
Semitic or Ugaritic origin. This suggests that Ancestral Armenians are
descendants of other, older cultures in the region. However, recent
discoveries and studies have turned the tables on history, showing that the
cultures that developed the "Cradle of Civilization" are now pre-dated by
Ancestral Armenians in Armenia's Cradle by at least 2000 years. The "people"
in this description were an alliance of tribes led by a dominant tribe, the
Nairi. They were by now more than tribes; they were city-states in a common
alliance. The Nairi alliance was based around Lake Van, which together with
the Ararat Valley has the most fertile land in Western Asia, as well as the
largest mineral deposits in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia.
P.20. History of the
Civilization and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By Maximillien
de Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
Photo: Cuneiform commemorating Erebuni birth, 782 B.C.
The
Urarturians were conquered, vanquished and overthrown by the Medes. Short
after its destruction, the magnificent kingdom of Urartu vanished from
history and the memory of humankind and was totally forgotten. But, thanks
to the discovery of the Scroll of the Dead Sea (Jars of Umran), the
contemporary excavations in Mesopotamia, ancient Palestine and Umrit (Amrit,
ancient Phoenician city in Syria), ancient Assyrian and Phoenician
terra-cotta tablets and inscriptions found in cities in the Near East which
contained accounts and historical records pertaining to the kingdom of
Urartu and its remarkable cities and temples architecture , fortified
cities, ramparts, garrisons and fortresses of the kingdom of Urartu such as
the garrisons of Erebuni, Karmir Blur, Toprakkale and the temple of Mousasir
which were very-well known to the ancient civilizations and were mentioned
in the official records of the Assyrian empire. Unfortunately, none of them
survived.
Photo:
Bronze plate of Balawat representing the campaign of Salamanzar the third
against Urartu.
THE METAL
WORK ART OF URARTU
Ancient
Uraturians quickly realized and discovered that Armenia’s soil and terrains
were rich and abundant with deposits of iron, copper, lead, aluminum,
mercury, zinc, silver and gold. Those discoveries caused the early
development of metal work and various metallurgies.
Armenia
began mining metals as early as 4,000 B.C. She was the major bronze, tin and
copper supplier to Phoenicia, Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Urarturian art of
metalwork and metallurgy was unquestionably very advanced. Urartu artifacts
were exported to Ertruria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Phrygia.
The excavations of the ancient Urartian site of Garmir-Ploor is considered
as one of the most important archaeological discoveries and findings in the
Middle East, the Near East and Asia Minor for they included carved ivory,
stone, ceramics, metal figurines, pottery and an astonishing wide variety
of bronze domestic tools and utensils, military equipment decorated with
mythological symbols, forms and animals, daggers, swords, helmets arrows,
quivers, shields of an advanced metallurgy, as well as vases, bracelets,
earrings and medallions in gold and varied sets of other jewelry.
Fortunately and unlike ancient Urarturian temples and fortresses which did
not survive, many metal work, carved jewelry and other objects were found
and kept in churches for safe keeping. Many of those treasurers and
marvelous religious artworks in metal and precious stones are displayed or
can be seen in Jerusalem, Yerevan, Venice and Vienna.
P.21.
History of the
Civilization and Arts of Armenia from the Bronze Age to Present. By
Maximillien de Lafayette. The Globe Weekly News
Time Table of the
ancient kingdom of Urartu and its relation to the Time Table of Assyria,
Elam and Babylonia
Photo:
Map of
Ancient Assyria.
In
6,000 B.C., Armenia as a nation was first settled by the Thracian-Phrygian
tribes that crossed in Anatolia From the Balkans. In 5,000 B.C, Nineveh
in Ashur (Assyria) is inhabited. In 4.750 B.C., the first Assyrian temple is
erected.
In 4,000 B.C., Armenia began mining metals.
Around 3,000 B.C., the Hayasa-Azzi tribes first inhabit Urartu.
In 2,500 B.C., two Assyrian cities Arbel and Nineveh prosper and their trade
flourishes. They become very influential cities in the Middle East. In 1760
B.C., Hammurabi king of Babylonia conquers Assyria and ends the first
Assyrian empire. In 1,500 B.C., Mitanni rules Assyria. In 1,363, B.C.,
Ashur-Uballit establishes the Assyrian Empire. In 1,260 B.C., the Assyrians
scribes and inscriptions mention Urartu for the first time.
In 1,240 B.C., Babylon is ravaged by the Assyrians. Around 1,200 B.C., the
Assyrians resist incursions by the Urarturians and the Mushki.
Between: 1,114 to 1,076 B.C. mark the reign of Tiglath-Pileser the first
over Assyria. In 1,155 B.C., Elam and Assyria attack Babylonia and put an
end to the Kassite rule. Around 1,000 B.C., the Phyrgians and the Thracians
immigrate to Urartu. Around 1,000 B.C., the Urarturians conquer and overrun
the majority of the lands of the mighty empire of Assyria. Around 934-935
B.C., Assyria regains and captures the lands lost to the Urarturians. Around
900 B.C., The Urarturians adopt the
Assyrian cuneiform script.
In 860 B.C., Aramu becomes the first king of Urartu.
Around 859 B.C., the Assyrians regain their lands from the hands of the
Urarturians.
Around 856 B.C., the Assyrian king Shalmeneser the third defeats Aramu, the
first king of Urartu.
Around 820 B.C., Van becomes the capital of Urartu during the reign of
Sardur the first. Around 800 B.C., under the monarch Menva, the Kingdom of
Urartu flourishes, prospers and expands.
In 782 B.C., at Erebuni, King Argishti the first erects the first Armenian
royal capital. In 760 B.C., king Sarduri the second annexes northern Syria.
Around 743 B.C., Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser the third defeats the
Urarturians and gains northern Syria. In 738 B.C., Assyria attacks Phoenicia
and captures Byblos and Sidon.
The year 735 B.C. marks the beginning of the Assyrian incursions in the
kingdom of Urartu.
In 734 B.C., king Tiglath-Pileser the third of Assyria captures Tyre in
Phoenicia.
In 721 B.C., king Sargon the second of Assyria attacks and captures Samaria,
the capital of Israel and deports thousands of Israelites who become the Ten
Lost Tribes of Israel.
In 714 B.C., the Uraturian
king Rusa is defeated by the Assyrian king Sargon the second who first
attacked and destroyed Mettati, Urartu’s ally. Because of its wealth,
abundance and prosperity Urartu had to pay a very heavy ransom. To the
Assyrian king. Sargon imposed upon the Urarturians: One ton of gold, five
tons of silver and thousands of objects, materials, tools, and instruments
such as 393 silver cups or chalices, 25, 212 bronze shields, 305, 412
bronze swords, etc.).
The year 707
B.C. marks the beginning of the multiple attacks of Cimmerians on Urartu.
In 701 B.C., Assyria attacks Israel, ravages Jerusalem and captures almost
all the cities and ports of Phoenicia after fierce battles with the
Phoenician and a long standing siege of the half-isle of Tyre, exactly as it
happened with Alexander the Great of Macedonia who took him 9 months to
seize the whole land and the small island of Tyre.
In 689 B.C., The Assyrians destroy Babylon. Around 680 B.C., at
Rusahinili, Uraturian king Rusa the second builds a new capital for
his new kingdom. From 671 to 651 B.C., the Assyrian rule Egypt.
In 612 B.C., Nineveh in Assyria falls under the attacks of the armies of
Medes and Babylonia.
In 609 B.C., Babylonia and Medes joins forces and conquer Assyria. They
defeat
Ashur-Uballit the second, the last Assyrian king at Harran.
In 590 B.C., the Uraturian capital Rusahinili is decimated and completed
destroyed by Medes. In 590 B.C., Urartu was sacked, burned and totally
ruined. The Uraturian kingdom begins to fall and declines and never to rise
again.
In 585 B.C., Urartu is totally annihilated by the Scythians.
Time Table of the Kings of
Urartu
|
KINGS OF URARTU
|
PERIOD OF THEIR
REIGN
|
|
ARAMU
|
circa 860-840
|
|
|
SARDUR I
|
circa 840-830
|
|
|
ISHPUINIS
|
circa 830-810
|
|
|
MENUAS
|
circa 810-780
|
|
|
ARGISHTISH I
|
circa
780-760
|
|
|
SARDUR II
|
circa 760-730
|
|
|
RUSAS I
|
circa 730-713
|
|
|
ARGISHTISH II
|
circa 713-685
|
|
|
RUSAS II
|
circa
685-645
|
|
|
SARDUR III
|
circa 645-625
|
|
|
ERIMENA
|
circa 625-605
|
|
|
RUSAS III
|
circa
605-590
|
|
|
SARDUR IV
|
590-585
|
|
Continues NEXT
